Record increases in fuel prices and concerns about global warming are again directing attention to electricity powered vehicles. Other main alternative solution offered to those concerns, biofuels, is currently taking flak because they are perceived to have contributed to the world food crisis.
Main problems holding back the battery powered vehicles are, the time it takes to recharge the battery and the limited range of the vehicles developed so far, such as EV1 from General Motors. Hybrid vehicles offering a combination of battery power and internal combustion are more popular. However their battery powered range is much smaller; the most successful hybrid, Toyota Prius, can barely make 1 mile on battery alone.
That is why researchers around the world are working hard to improve the technology.
They are increasingly turning to lithium ion batteries. This type of battery made the recent success of the mobile devices possible. They are light weight, and retain full capacity till completely depleted, instead of deteriorating with each recharge as with most other types of batteries.
Nickel-metal-hydride batteries, already in use in Prius, offer durability and better energy density for now. But they are heavy and most researchers think that lithium ion batteries will overtake them in low cost and energy capacity. While currently expensive, large lithium ion batteries may become cheaper once mass production starts and economies of scale kick in.
Some researchers are working on replacing expensive cobalt in lithium ion batteries with other substances like manganese and iron phosphate, though they have not been completely successful in getting the same efficacy as cobalt so far.
Lithium ion batteries are kept back by other reasons; a tendency to explode when over charged or over heated. Larger the battery, larger the potential explosion will be; not very good for vehicles. Getting over this problem is a major focus of research.
In any case here is reason to be hopeful; most experts expect efforts to make batteries competitive with internal combustion to be successful in the not too distant future.
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